标准规范下载简介
图解建筑抗震概念设计基本原则(20200725113435).pdfinciples for engineers, architects, building owners, a
26/2Expensiverepairwork,consistingof refillingtheopeningswithexpansiveconcrete andgluing steelplatesrestoredthedesigned ultimateresistanceofthewall.However,itis almostimpossibletofullyrecovertheductile behaviourobtainablewiththeoriginal reinforcement (Switzerland2001).
26/3Here,anexcessivelylargeholewas createdandthereinforcementwasbrutally cut.Had the engineerbeenconsulted the pipescouldhavebeengroupedandamuch smallerholecouldperhapshavebeen createdwithoutweakeningthereinforcement.
GB／T 1844.3-2022 塑料 符号和缩略语 第3部分：增塑剂.pdfprinciples for engineers, architects, building owners!
26/4However,itwaspossibletorepairthe damage to a certain extent and, in contrast totheprecedingcase(p.6o),torestoresome oftheplannedbehaviour(Switzerland20o1),
26/5This type of unplanned insertion of pipes can also impair the seismic behaviour of a reinforced concrete structuralwall (Switzerland 2001)
26/5Thistypeofunplannedinsertionof pipescanalso impairtheseismicbehaviourof a reinforcedconcrete structuralwall (Switzerland 2001)
26/6Undercertainconditions,itispermissible toinsertopeningsinelasticzonesof 26/6Undercertainconditions,itispermissible toinsertopeningsinelasticzonesof inciples for engineers, architects, building owners,a lesfor engineers, architects, building owners,and au elementsinorderto guarantee diaphragmaction(seealsoBP22). elementsinorderto 27/1Thedowelsonthecolumncorbelsof this prefabricated factory building did not provide sufficient stability.The support area failed and the main beams overturned (in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the building). 27/1Thedowelsonthecolumncorbelsof this prefabricated factory building did not provide sufficient stability.The support area failed and the main beams overturned (in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the building).. Page145 27/3The consequences of badplanning and insufficient design and detailing of a prefabricated industrial building (Adapazari, Turkey 1999) Page145 27/3Theconsequences of bad planning and insufficient design and detailing of a prefabricated industrial building(Adapazari, Turkey 1999) for engineers, architects, building owners, and auth BP 28 Protect foundations through capacity desigt Theabilityofthefoundation structuretobearthe seismic actions isimportantfortheoverall earthquake resistance of the building.Usually cantilever walls,as well as frame columns, rest on one ormore basementstoreys（《rigidbox》)oron a massive raft. According to the principlesofthecapacitydesign method,the foundationsshould be abietotransfertheoverstrength sectionalforcesof theplasticzones tothegroundwithoutyielding[PB90 「Pp92].Foundationstructuresshould always remain elastic since plastic deformations generally lead to an unpredictablebehaviourand additional displacementsandstressesinthe building structure. Besides, repairs are Basic principles for engineers, architects, building owners,and authorities static stresses,but care should be takentoensurethatplasticdeformations of the soil areavoided under all circumstances[Sk97] Basicprinciplesforengineers,architects,buildingowners,andauthorities esforengineers,architects,buildingowners,andau 28/1Heresoilanchorswereinstailedto prevent the lift off of the ductile reinforced concreteshearwalls(Switzerland1999) BP 29 Developasitespecificresponsespectrum Incertainsoils,thelocalground motionparametersandstructural responsemaydiffersubstantially fromthevaluesobtainedwiththe design response spectrum of the building codes.This canbe the case: . in soft soils with a shear wave velocitylessthanapproximately2o0 m/s,and/orwithlargethicknessesof soil layers .incertainvalleys with alluvial or glacial sediments (depth to width ratio greaterthan~0.2). .generally in cases of suspected resonancebetweensoil andbuilding Undersuch conditions,theground is likelytoexperience strongvibrations even foramoderateearthquake (significantamplificationoftheground shaking from the bedrock to the surface).In such cases,it is necessary toperformasitespecificinvestigation, especiallyforimportantbuildings.Ifno microzonationstudyhasbeenconducted yet,it is necessary to determine the ground'spredominanteigenfrequency and todevelop thedesignresponse spectrum valid for the local soil's parameters and layer thicknesses (acceleration and displacement spectrum) rinciples for engineers,architects, building owners, 29/1Atthesiteofabuildingwithplanned 《baseisolation》(mountedonspecial earthquake bearings)theground's predominant eigenfrequencymeasured in nearby drill holeswas0.65to0.85Hz,whichcorrespondsto aneigenperiodfrom1.2to1.5s. The development of a sitespecific responsespectrumshowedthattheacceleration n this period range was substantially higher than that of the relevant building code spectrum.Hencethis spectrum wasraised and for aperiod greater thanT=1.5s a constantdisplacementwas assumed.Inorder to eliminatethepossibility of resonance and to minimize accelerations,atargeteigenperiod ofT=3s（f=0.33Hz)wasselectedinthe seismic design with base isolators (Switzerland2000) es for engineers,architects, building owners,and aut BP 3o Assess the potential for soil liquefaction! 30/1Thisbuildingsankevenlyabout1m due to soil liquefaction.The displaced soil caused a bulge in the road (Ilzmit,Turkey 1999) 3o/2Thisinclinedbuildingsankunevenly andleans against aneighbouringbuilding (Turkey,Izmit1999) iples for engineers, architects, building owners, and 30/3This solid buildingtilted as a rigid body and the raft foundation rises above ground.The building itself suffered only relativelyminordamage(Adapazari,Turkey 1999) 30/3This solid buildingtilted as a rigid body and the raftfoundation rises above ground. The building itself suffered only relativelyminordamage(Adapazari,Turkey 1999) principles for engineers, architects, building owners 30/4Thistankalsotiltedduetotheliquefaction of the sandy artificial landfill (Kobe,Japan 1995) Softening may be more beneficial than strengthening! When designing the seismic improvementofexistingorplanned buildings,many architects and civil engineers think of strengethening them,i.e.increasingtheir lateral resistance. A strengthening always stiffens the building, thereby raising the eigenfrequencies. Under certain conditionshowever,it mayprove more beneficial to soften a structure ratherthantostrengthen/stiffenit [Ba 01]. By installing special horizontal relativelysoftseismicbearingsabove the foundation (base isolation), a frequencyshift towards thelower areaofthedesignresponsespectrum can be achieved. As a result, and becausedampingisusuallyalso increased, a significant reduction of theseismicforcesandtherebythe damagepotential isachieved.However, relativedisplacementsincreasenotably, whichrequires sufficient clearance aroundtheisolatedbuildings.Inaddition servicepipes must be sufficiently flexible, 31/1Asofteningstrategywasimplemented toseismicallyimprove this7ootliquid gas industrial tank carried by a reinforced concretestructure(Switzerland1999) rinciplesforengineers,architects,buildingowners,a 31/2Seismic high damping rubber bearings (60 cmdiameter,30cmhigh)were incorporated intothe eight reinforced concrete columns 31/2Seismic high damping rubber bearings (60 cmdiameter,30cmhigh)were incorporated into the eight reinforced concrete columns es for engineers, architects, building owners, and aut Anchor facade elements against horizontal forces iciples for engineers, architects, building owners, an 32/1The structure of thisbuilding did not collapsebutheavyand insufficientlyanchored facade panels fell tothe ground(Kobe, Japan1995) 32/1The structure of this buildingdid not collapse,butheavyandinsufficientlyanchored facadepanelsfell to theground (Kobe, Japan1995) 32/1The structure of this buildingdid not collapse,butheavyand insufficientlyanchored facadepanelsfell to theground (Kobe, Japan1995) 32/2These lightconcretepanels,cladding an oniy slightly damaged steel structure, werealsodestroyed(Kobe,Japan1995) sfacadecladdingwasinsufficientlyanchoredandcouldnotfollowthedeformationsofth concreteframestructure (Northridge,California1994) Basicprinciplesforengineers,architects,buildingowners,andauthorities Basic principles for engineers, architects, building owners, and authorities esforengineers,architects,buildingowners,andau 32/4Aglanceintothissidestreetrevealsa vast amount of fallen facade materials. Rescue work,fire trucks access,etc.is seriouslyhampered (Kobe,Japan1995). vast amount of fallen facade materials. Rescue work,fire trucks access,etc.is seriouslyhampered (Kobe,Japan1995). Anoverturningmomentoccurs under rapid horizontaldisplacements and correspondinginertiaforces. Unlesstheyareadequatelyanchoredor fixed,slenderelements may tip over. 33/2 ...andthecorniceandparapet damagedtheoverhangingroofpanelwhen theyfell (Loma Prieta,California1989) 3/3 Cantileverwallsnotanchoredint oundationcantipover(Kobe,Japan,1995 Page159 33/4Thesedry stone garden walls also turnedover（Northridge,California,1994） inciplesfor engineers, architects,building owners, BP 34 Fasten suspended ceilings and light fitting Thefallofsuspendedceilingsand ight fittings canpresent a serious dangerto people.Aswell asthedead oad,theconnectionsmustbeableto safelycarrytheforces from vertical andhorizontalaccelerationsand ibrations.The same appliesto the fixingsofairductsandservicepipes ofallkinds,whichareinstalledbetween suspended ceilingsand structural floor slabs. /1Suspendedceilings and ceilingpanels. 34/2 ...thathangfromthinwiresonly constitute a safety threat to people (Northridge California1994) 34/334/4Poorlyfastenedlightfittings， suchasthese,canfall and endangerpeople (SanFernando,California1971) jples for engineers, architects, building owners, and BP 35 Fasteninstallationsandeguipment Basic principles for engineers, architects, building owners, and authorities etc.andifnecessaryaisoproduction linesmustbesystematicallyexamined forseismicadequacy.Ifnecessarythey mustbesecuredbymeansofsuitable fixings orbracings. 35/1Pipelinesespeciallyoflargediameter areveryvulnerableunlesstheyareadequately fastened(SanFernando,California1971). 35/2Containersandmachinescantiltifthe arenotsufficientlyanchored(Kobe,Japan1995) 35/5Openbookshelvesemptythemselves at each strong earthquake.Valuable books can be secured by the use of retaining bars or inclined shelves (Loma Prieta,California 1989) 35/6Becausebooksrepresentaconsiderable mass,strong anchorageand bracing of the shelves inboth main directions is necessary (WhittierNarrows,California1987) 35/6Becausebooksrepresentaconsiderable mass,strong anchorageandbracing of the shelves in bothmain directions is necessary (WhittierNarrows,California1987) s for engineers, architects, building owners, and auth 35/8These《valuable》bottlesinaliquor store were secured by spring wires (California 1978) principles for engineers, architects, building owners, 35/9Andevenstorageframesforwine barrels can be tested on an earthquake simulator (shakingtable)...(Berkeley2000). 5/9Andeven storageframesfor wir arrels can be tested on an earthqual imulator(shakingtable)...(Berkeley2000 ilustrationcredits WalterAmmann,Davos:11/2,20/1, 20/2, 20/3 HugoBachmann,Zurich:Schematic figure1and3to35,E/l,F/2,1/1,1/2 2/1,2/2,4/9,4/10,6/1,7/1,8/1, 8/2,9/1,9/3,9/4,10/1,12/1,12/2 12/3,12/4,12/5,15/1,15/2,15/3 17/6,21/1,25/1,26/1,26/3,26/5 26/6,27/3,31/3 MarcBadoux,Lausanne:3o/1 AlessandroDazio,SanDiegoCA: Coverphotographwithrebars,9/2 23/1,24/1,24/2,24/3,24/4,25/3 MartinKoller,Carouge:28/1,29/1 Pierino Lestuzzi,Lausanne:4/2,4/3, 11/3,11/4,17/2,17/3,17/4,17/5, 25/2, 30/2 EberhardLuz,Stuttgart:14/1,22/1, 22/2,22/3 RolandMadory,Basel:31/1 PaulMissbauer,Sion:31/2 KasparPeter,Lausanne:14/2 Meta Sozen, Illinois: 30/3 ThomasWenk,Zurich:Coverphotograpl withbuildings,shematicfigure2,4/4 4/5,4/6,4/7,4/8,5/2,5/3,6/2,6/3 6/4,6/5,6/6,13/6,13/7,14/3,16/2 27/1,27/2,30/4,32/1,32/4 ArchitecturalInstituteofJapan:5/1 18/1,18/2,18/3,19/1,19/2,19/3, 19/4,19/5,19/6,20/4,32/2,32/3, 33/3 Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,OaklandCA:Cover photographwithpipes,16/1,32/3 33/1,33/2,33/4,34/1,34/2,34/3 34/4,35/1,35/2,35/3,35/4,35/5 35/6,35/7,35/8 LosingerAG,LyssachBE:13/4,13/ MunichReGroup:Schematic figure E/3 Pacific Earthquake Engineering ResearchCenter,BerkeleyCA:35/9 Swissbrickindustry,Zurich:13/1, 13/2,13/3 StahltonAG,Zurich:26/2,26/4 NN.: 4/1, 13/8, 17/1 ciples for engineers, architects,building owners, an Bibliography Basic principles for engineers,architects,building owners,and authorities blesfor engineers,architects,building owners,and iples for engineers, architects, building owners, and sstahl unter zyklischer Beanspruchung》.Institutfur Baustatik undKonstruktion (IBK),ETHZurich.Bericht Nr.264,BirkhauserVerlag Basel Boston Berlin 2001 Contacts/Links GB／T 41981.2-2022 液压传动连接 测压接头 第2部分：可带压连接式.pdfContacts/Links Basic principles for engineers,architects, building owners, and authorities Basic principles for engineers, architects, building owners, and authorities ilobalSeismicHazardMAP DB11／T 1285-2015 物联网感知设备通用信息安全技术要求.pdfProducedbythe GlobalSeismic Hazard AssessmentProgram(GSHAP), a demonstration project of the UN/International Decade of Natural DisasterReduction,conductedbytheinternational LithosphereProgram Global map assembled by D. Giardini, G. Grunthal, K.Shedlock, and p.zhang Basic principles for engineers, architects, building owners,and authorities